(This
week’s Faculty Voice post shares the complete text of the talk given by Mary
Rockcastle at the Graduation Recognition Ceremony January 18, 2015.)
Welcome to Hamline and
to the sixteenth Graduate Recognition Ceremony for the MFA in Writing for
Children and Young Adults. I’m Mary Rockcastle, Director of The Creative
Writing Programs, and I’m very happy to be here celebrating the accomplishments
of our graduates. They have completed five marathon residencies and four
demanding and, I hope, transformative semesters. The picture books, novels, and
nonfiction they wrote for their final thesis projects show mastery of the craft
in their chosen genres and are light years ahead of the writing they submitted
when they applied to the program. I want to thank the family members, friends,
and other loved ones who are here today helping us to honor our graduates. I
also want to thank the faculty who worked so generously with them during their
time at Hamline.
Eudora Welty calls
“place” one of the “lesser angels” watching over the racing hand of fiction. It
certainly has been the primary angel on our minds over the course of this
residency. In her essay, “Place in Fiction,” Welty writes: “Place in fiction is
the named, identified, concrete, exact and exacting, and therefore credible,
gathering spot of all that has been felt, is about to be experienced, in the
novel’s progress. Every story would be another story, and unrecognizable as
art, if it took up its characters and plot and happened somewhere else.”
The writer often starts
a literary text from a seed: an image, a person, a memory, an overheard conversation,
an idea, a galvanizing incident. I’m a writer deeply inspired by the physical
world. Both of my adult novels started with place. I took a turn in my latest
novel, About Face, by writing not from a place I knew well but about
a place I knew little about and a world I’d never experienced: a London
hospital and its environs in the final months of World War I. The seed was not
a place but an exhibit at the Smithsonian Museum on prosthetic masks made by
artists for soldiers wounded in battle. I soon realized, however, that my
ability to create was tied to how deeply I was able to ground myself in the
novel’s time and place. I can’t say for sure whether this is just me and my
predilection for place or the writer’s essential need to see, hear, touch, and
feel the physical world of the story. To do this, I dove headfirst into
research in every way Claire Rudolf Murphy talked about in her lecture this
week.
Eudora Welty writes not
just about the craft value of writing about place but the larger social value
we can derive from effective world building. “Mutual understanding in the world
being nearly always, as now, at low ebb, it is comforting to remember that it
is through art that one country can nearly always speak reliably to another, if
the other can hear at all. Art, though, is never the voice of a country; it is
an even more precious thing, the voice of the individual, doing its best to
speak, not comfort of any sort, indeed, but truth.”
I believe that if you
effectively capture the individual’s unique voice on the page, you in fact can convey the voice of a community.
This individual voice is
shaped by the world he or she is part of. “Location,” Welty writes, “is the
ground conductor of all the currents of emotion and belief and moral conviction
that charge out from the story in its course. These charges need the warm hard
earth underfoot, the light and lift of air, the stir and play of mood, the
softening bath of atmosphere that gives the likeness-to-life that life needs.”
Flannery O’Connor,
another Southern writer, was interested not in external habits but in what she
called “the habit of art.” “The person who aims after art in his work,” she
wrote, “aims after truth, in an imaginative sense, no more and no less.” In her
essay, “The Nature and Aim of Fiction,” she referenced the writer Joseph
Conrad, whose goal as a fiction writer was to render the highest possible
justice to the visible universe. From Conrad:
“The task which I am
trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to
make you feel—it is, before all, to make you see. That and no more, and it is
everything. If I succeed, you shall find there . . . encouragement,
consolation, fear, charm—all you demand and, perhaps, also that glimpse of
truth for which you have forgotten to ask.”
As you’ve been learning
since you started the program, our business as writers is to distinguish what
is significant from what is not, to select, to find the telling—not the random and extraneous—detail. Each choice you make
as a writer affects the ones made earlier and the ones that come after. Sometimes
you make these choices in the first draft; often the choices become clearer
during revision.
Everything you know and
feel and believe about your novel—its characters, action, style, voice, underlying
meaning—is part of building the world. Place makes the characters real and
keeps them that way. The characters’ inner and outer worlds define them.
In my novel, I wanted to
know what it was like to live inside a country at war. Partly I wanted to
better understand the lives of my two grandfathers, both of whom had served on
the Western front. My maternal grandfather was gassed on the eve of a ferocious
battle that took the lives of most of the men in his infantry brigade. Had he
not been gassed and taken to a military hospital, I might not be here. The
experience of being a soldier and living in London during World War I felt
completely alien to me. I thought I could harness that alienated feeling by
telling the story from the point of view of an American teenaged boy thrust
into the daily life of a military hospital during that time.
Marsha Chall quoted the
German artist Paul Klee, who wrote: “Art is making the strange familiar and the
familiar strange.” Anne Ursu calls it defamiliarizing the familiar and quoted
the writer Zadie Smith: “A great piece of fiction can demand that you
acknowledge the reality of its wildest proposition, no matter how alien it may
be to you. It can also force you to concede the radical otherness lurking
within things that appear most familiar.”
My own alienation from
the world I was creating helped me to inhabit the body and consciousness of my
teenaged protagonist. If I can make the strange world of a 1918 hospital ward
familiar to the reader, I might be able to bridge the gap between the first
World War, and its lessons, and a 21st century reader.
As it has done for me,
and as your books have done and are doing for you, we hope they do for our
readers—take them into a new and foreign world and make it real. So the world
shrinks, understanding grows, empathy builds.
In her kick-off lecture,
“Worldbuilding in Fiction,” Laura Ruby used Tolkien’s concept of the “secondary
world,” the one enchantment produces, which is an amalgam of setting, rules,
language, and theme. Every secondary world has its own rules, Laura says,
whether magical, scientific, and/or cultural. Each of these rules has
implications and costs for your characters. The set-up of these rules can often
give you the seeds for conflict.
Marsha Qualey also
talked about the role that rules, and disruption of those rules, can play in
creating conflict. Conflict arises when your character doesn’t know the rules
of the particular world she’s in or chooses to push against them. Identity equals Power + Belonging,
Marsha says. Creating disruptions in power and belonging will always be the
best way to ensure that conflict in a story really matters.
Marsha Chall and Claire Rudolf Murphy took us through the physical process of making a picture book and
explored the role and uses of setting in the picture book, whether the setting
is communicated through the text or through the illustrations. Most picture
books, Marsha says, feature familiar settings for children. Or, they take a
fantastical or non-human setting and make it feel like the child’s own home.
In her three-day
intensive, Emily Jenkins also immersed us in the process of writing a picture
book, covering the form, the text itself, pacing, page turns, and the different
ways in which illustrations work. The artist, with cues from the author, might
choose to give the reader something new to look at on each page, or spread;
might use a particular visual device; might employ repetition, creating a
premise and its payoff; might simply play with language and use white space to
create drama.
This idea of white, or blank space, all that is roiling between the lines or
beneath the surface of a text, got a lot of attention during this residency. Charles
Baxter calls this white space subtext,
the “implied, half-visible, unspoken material behind the surface.” One of the
ways to achieve subject, Baxter says, is through staging, putting your characters in specific strategic locations or
positions in a scene so that some unvoiced nuance is revealed.
Swati Avasthi stressed the
importance of this white space, all the stuff the writer leaves out. The
writer’s job is to make connections for the reader, to help her, just as the
spotter helps the gymnast, across the empty space to a soft landing. Choosing
the right telling details can help us do this. It can make the invisible
visible. As writers, we want to be in charge of the blanks we’re leaving for
the reader. An effective use of negative space can invite the reader to
complete the story for himself.
A folk tale can be the
negative space we offer a reader. Jackie Briggs Martin shared the many
opportunities offered us as writers through retelling a familiar folk tale,
adding a folktale to our stories, or placing a folk tale in a new setting. The
folktale imbues the story with meaning, conscious or unconscious. It can add
depth and texture, shed light on our own time, become a bridge into another
time or culture.
Kelly Easton showed us
how to use the language and forms of poetry to capture a particular kind of
intensity or emotion in our writing. A poem is a mystery, Kelly says, like
channeling the voices of the dead. The practice of reading and writing poetry
can enliven your language, add rhythm and a sense of surprise to your
sentences, show you the power of compression and the opportunities that form
opens up to you as a writer.
For Phyllis Root and Jackie
Briggs Martin, music—jazz in particular—is a great model and source of
inspiration to the writer of the picture book. Both are orally based. Both rely
on rhythm, and the play between tension and release. Both use form and improvisation;
both speak from the heart.
We heard from Debbie
Kovacs on how to use our skills as writers to assemble a working life that
leaves us room to write. Mary Logue walked us through the process of publishing
a book. Tina Wexler shared tips on finding an agent for our books and explained
the role she plays when representing a writer’s book.
Visiting writer Matt de
la Pena said that one of the most useful lessons he’s learned as a writer is to
slow down and cultivate the art of patience. This slowing down is important in
a number of ways. One: it enables you to appreciate the process itself. Matt
asked: “Why is success considered so much more important than the beautiful
possibility which exists just before?” Another is the narrative restraint that
gains the reader’s trust and enables us to create more big ticket set-ups and
pay-offs.
Jane Resh Thomas said
that fiction is a prolonged act of empathy—empathy for our characters and for
ourselves as the transmitters of story. I don’t know whether empathy can or
cannot be taught, but I do believe it can be cultivated and that’s what you
must do to be a good writer. It’s at the heart of what Sarah Park Dahlen talked
with us about: if you do your research and harness your own experience (each of
us knows what it means to be an insider as well as an outsider), if you acknowledge
what you don’t know and do your best to fill in the gaps, if you come to the
writing with a sense of humility—to quote Justina Ireland, if you activate your
empathic imaginations, you can create authentic characters unlike yourselves
and build worlds no matter how foreign.
When Charles Flaubert
uttered his famous line, “Madame Bovary, c’est moi,” we saw perhaps for the
first time in literary history a male author fully and intentionally extending
his empathic imagination to the particular woman he’d created. Essential to
Madame Bovary’s character is the mid 19th-century small town near
Rouen in northern France, a setting that Flaubert meticulously describes. As
the world cries out, “Je suis Charlie,” it is in solidarity with the people of
France, in honor of the 12 journalists and cartoonists who were murdered on
January 7 in Paris. We are saying: we share your outrage and your suffering. We,
too, believe in freedom of expression. On another day, in another place, it could be
us.
The hip hop recording
artist and actor, Common, with John Legend, won the Golden Globe for best
original song for their song “Glory” from the movie, Selma. In accepting the award, Common said, “As I got to know the
people of the Civil Rights Movement, I realized I am the hopeful black woman
who was denied her right to vote. I am the caring white supporter killed on the
front lines of freedom. I am the
unarmed black kid who maybe needed a hand, but instead was given a bullet. I am
the two fallen police officers murdered in the line of duty. 'Selma' has
awakened my humanity."
This is what we do when
we create fictional worlds on the page. If we do it well, we force the reader
to, in Anne’s words, PAY ATTENTION. We make the extraordinary familiar or give
new life to the familiar so the reader sees
it all again.
If the writer is doing
her job, we, too, are Narnia; we, too, are District 12; we, too, are Hogwarts;
we, too, are Naomi, Florida; we too are a small potter’s village in 12th
century Korea or a schoolyard in southern Sudan.
The young men who left
their trenches and went over the top on July 1, 1916, in the first battle of
the Somme had to stifle, or block, all empathy toward the German soldiers on
the other side of no man’s land. You can’t kill another human being if you’re
trying to walk in his or her shoes. Therein lies the perhaps unresolvable
conundrum of war.
Cultivating our own
empathic imaginations to write well enables us to create meaningful connections
across cultural, national, gender, racial, and other boundaries. We want our
books to cultivate this empathy in our young readers.
One last time, Eudora
Welty: “The artist uses his reason to discover an answering reason in
everything he sees. For him, to be reasonable is to find, in the object, in the
situation, in the sequence, the spirit which makes it itself. This is not an
easy or simple thing to do. It is to intrude upon the timeless, and that is
only done by the violence of a single-minded respect for the truth.” I’m still
pondering this language, “the violence of a single-minded respect for the
truth.” Pacifists or not, we may all be warriors in search of the truth.